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Nowe właściwości krzemu i ich wpływ na optoelektronikę

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Spis treści

  1. Przełom w rozumieniu światła
  2. Tajemnica krzemu
  3. Od Comptona do Ramana
  4. Eksperymenty w Irvine
  5. Implikacje dla technologii
  6. Znaczenie dla nauki i techniki

Przełom w rozumieniu światła

Światło, podstawowy element naszego codziennego życia, raz po raz zaskakuje naukowców swoimi tajemnicami. Najnowsze badania przeprowadzone przez zespół naukowców z Uniwersytetu Kalifornijskiego w Irvine wprowadzają rewolucyjną zmianę w naszym rozumieniu optoelektroniki, otwierając drzwi do nowych technologicznych możliwości.

Tajemnica krzemu

Tradycyjnie postrzegany jako materiał o ograniczonych możliwościach w dziedzinie optoelektroniki, krzem został niedawno przewartościowany przez naukowców. Dmitriy Fishman i jego zespół odkryli, że odpowiednio obrabiany krzem może emitować światło po ekspozycji na promieniowanie widzialne. Ta zaskakująca właściwość otwiera nowe perspektywy dla krzemu jako kluczowego komponentu w przyszłych urządzeniach optoelektronicznych.

Od Comptona do Ramana

Odkrycie Fishmana i jego zespołu ma swoje korzenie w historii nauki. Już w 1923 roku Arthur Compton pokazał, jak fotony mogą oddziaływać z elektronami, za co później otrzymał Nagrodę Nobla. Kontynuując te badania, C.V. Raman odkrył efekt Ramana w 1928 roku, badając nieelastyczne rozpraszanie światła. Wykorzystując te zasady, naukowcy w Irvine przeprowadzili eksperymenty, pokazując nieznane dotąd możliwości krzemu.

Eksperymenty w Irvine

Zespół z Irvine posłużył się różnorodnymi próbkami krzemu, włączając w to jego porowate i nanostrukturalne odmiany, które poddano działaniu laserów. Wyniki tych testów nie tylko potwierdziły możliwość emisji światła przez krzem, ale także ukazały nowe właściwości optyczne i termiczne tego materiału na poziomie nanometrowym.

Odkrycia te mają ogromny potencjał, mogąc rewolucjonizować optoelektronikę. Możliwość konwersji światła widzialnego na energię elektryczną w sposób, o jakim nie śmieliśmy dotąd marzyć, to tylko jedna z perspektyw. To odkrycie może również zapoczątkować poszukiwania innych materiałów, które po odpowiedniej obróbce zyskają zdolność do emisji światła.

Znaczenie dla nauki i techniki

Publikacja wyników w prestiżowym czasopiśmie ACS Nano świadczy o znaczeniu tych badań. Krzem, wydawałoby się, zwykły składnik elektroniki, może teraz zrewolucjonizować całą dziedzinę optoelektroniki, od konwersji energii słonecznej po zaawansowaną komunikację. Co więcej, te odkrycia mogą zainspirować kolejne pokolenia naukowców do dalszego poszukiwania i eksploracji niezbadanych jeszcze możliwości pozostałych materii.

Odkrycie nowych właściwości światła przez naukowców z Irvine to krok milowy, który przypomina nam o nieustannej zmienności i odkrywczej naturze nauki. Jako społeczność globalna, stajemy przed nowym, ekscytującym rozdziałem, w którym światło i krzem mogą oświetlić drogę do przyszłości.

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Wideo tygodnia z teleskopu Hubble
The galaxy filling the frame on both sides of this slider tool is NGC 2566, a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Puppis. The first view of the galaxy shown is a new image that is a combination of data from Webb’s MIRI and NIRCam instruments shows off NGC 2566’s well-defined spiral arms, long central bar and delicate tracery of gas, dust and stars. The second image is an also-new image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, featured this week as part of the ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week series, and shows the galaxy’s star clusters and star-forming regions, bright in visible and ultraviolet light. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/potm2412c/ Credit: ESA/Webb/Hubble, NASA & CSA, A. Leroy, D. Thilker, N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb) Music: Stellardrone - The Night Sky in Motion
Transition video: Hubble and Webb's views of NGC 2566
The galaxy filling the frame in this NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope Picture of the Month is NGC 2566, a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Puppis. The image combines observations from two of Webb’s instruments, the Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam) and Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI), to show off NGC 2566’s well-defined spiral arms, long central bar and delicate tracery of gas, dust and stars. At 76 million light-years away, NGC 2566 is considered a nearby galaxy, making it an excellent target for studying fine details like star clusters and gas clouds. The new Webb images of NGC 2566 were collected as part of an observing programme (#3707) dedicated to understanding the connections between stars, gas and dust in nearby star-forming galaxies. NGC 2566 is just one of the 55 galaxies in the local Universe examined by Webb for this programme. The mid-infrared wavelengths captured by MIRI highlight NGC 2566’s warm interstellar dust, including complex, sooty molecules called polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The near-infrared NIRCam data give a detailed view of the galaxy’s stars, even those that are deeply embedded within clouds of gas. The NIRCam data also capture some of the light from the hydrocarbon molecules. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/potm2412a/ Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, A. Leroy, N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb) Music: Stellardrone - Twilight
Panv video: NGC 2566 (NIRCam and MIRI image)
The galaxy filling the frame in this NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope Picture of the Month is NGC 2566, a spiral galaxy located in the constellation Puppis. In this image Webb’s Mid-InfraRed Instrument (MIRI) puts the thick clouds of interstellar dust that suffuse NGC 2566 on display, as well as the galaxy’s compact, bright core. At 76 million light-years away, NGC 2566 is considered a nearby galaxy, making it an excellent target for studying fine details like star clusters and gas clouds. The new Webb images of NGC 2566 were collected as part of an observing programme (#3707) dedicated to understanding the connections between stars, gas and dust in nearby star-forming galaxies. NGC 2566 is just one of the 55 galaxies in the local Universe examined by Webb for this programme. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/potm2412b/ Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, A. Leroy, N. Bartmann (ESA/Hubble) Music: Stellardrone - Twilight
Pan video: NGC 2566 (MIRI)
Featured in this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope Picture of the Week is the spiral galaxy NGC 2566, which sits 76 million light-years away in the constellation Puppis. A prominent bar of stars stretches across the centre of this galaxy, and spiral arms emerge from each end of the bar. Because NGC 2566 appears tilted from our perspective, its disc takes on an almond shape, giving the galaxy the appearance of a cosmic eye. As NGC 2566 gazes at us, astronomers gaze right back, using Hubble to survey the galaxy’s star clusters and star-forming regions. The Hubble data are especially valuable for studying stars that are just a few million years old; these stars are bright at the ultraviolet and visible wavelengths to which Hubble is sensitive. Using these data, researchers will measure the ages of NGC 2566’s stars, helping to piece together the timeline of the galaxy’s star formation and the exchange of gas between star-forming clouds and stars themselves. Several other astronomical observatories have examined NGC 2566, including the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. The Webb data complement this Hubble image, adding a view of NGC 2566’s warm, glowing dust to Hubble’s stellar portrait. At the long-wavelength end of the electromagnetic spectrum, NGC 2566 has also been observed by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). ALMA is a network of 66 radio telescopes that work together as one to capture detailed images of the clouds of gas in which stars form. Together, Hubble, Webb and ALMA provide an overview of the formation, lives and deaths of stars in galaxies across the Universe. More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/potw2451a/ Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, D. Thilker, N. Bartmann (ESA/Hubble) Music: Stellardrone - Ascent
Pan: NGC 2566
Today’s NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope Picture of the Week features the glorious spiral galaxy NGC 5643, which is located roughly 40 million light-years away in the constellation Lupus. NGC 5643 is what’s known as a grand design spiral, referring to how the galaxy’s two large, winding spiral arms are clear to see. The spiral arms are defined by bright blue stars, lacy reddish-brown dust clouds and pink star-forming regions. As fascinating as the galaxy appears at visible wavelengths, some of NGC 5643’s most interesting features are invisible to the human eye. Ultraviolet and X-ray images and spectra of NGC 5643 show that the galaxy hosts an active galactic nucleus: an especially bright galactic core powered by a feasting supermassive black hole. When a supermassive black hole ensnares gas from its surroundings, the gas collects in a disc that heats up to hundreds of thousands of degrees. The superheated gas shines brightly across the electromagnetic spectrum, but especially at X-ray wavelengths. NGC 5643’s active galactic nucleus isn’t the brightest source of X-rays in the galaxy, though. Researchers using ESA’s XMM-Newton discovered an even brighter X-ray-emitting object, called NGC 5643 X-1, on the galaxy’s outskirts. What could be a more powerful source of X-rays than a supermassive black hole? Surprisingly, the answer appears to be a much smaller black hole! While the exact identity of NGC 5643 X-1 is not yet known, evidence points to a black hole that is about 30 times more massive than the Sun. Locked in an orbital dance with a companion star, the black hole ensnares gas from its stellar companion, creating a superheated disc that outshines the galactic centre. NGC 5643 was also the subject of a previous Picture of the Week. The new image incorporates additional wavelengths of light, including the red color that is characteristic of gas heated by massive young stars. More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/potw2450a/ Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, A. Riess, D. Thilker, D. De Martin (ESA/Hubble), M. Zamani (ESA/Hubble), N. Bartmann (ESA/Hubble) Music: Stellardrone - Ascent
Pan: NGC 5643
The subject of this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope Picture of the Week is NGC 1637, a spiral galaxy located 38 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Eridanus. This image comes from an observing programme dedicated to studying star formation in nearby galaxies. Stars form in cold, dusty gas clouds that collapse under their own gravity. As young stars grow, they heat their nurseries through starlight, winds, and powerful outflows. Together, these factors play a role in controlling the rate at which future generations of stars form. Evidence of star formation is scattered all around NGC 1637, if you know where to look. The galaxy’s spiral arms are dotted with what appear to be pink clouds, many of which are accompanied by bright blue stars. The pinkish colour comes from hydrogen atoms that have been excited by ultraviolet light from young, massive stars. This contrasts with the warm yellow glow of the galaxy’s centre, which is home to a densely packed collection of older, redder stars. The stars that set their birthplaces aglow are comparatively short-lived, and many of these stars will explode as supernovae just a few million years after they’re born. In 1999, NGC 1637 played host to a supernova, pithily named SN 1999EM, that was lauded as the brightest supernova seen that year. When a massive star expires as a supernova, the explosion outshines its entire home galaxy for a short time. While a supernova marks the end of a star’s life, it can also jump start the formation of new stars by compressing nearby clouds of gas, beginning the stellar lifecycle anew. More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/potw2449a/ Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, D. Thilker, N. Bartmann (ESA/Hubble) Music: Stellardrone - Endeavour
Pan: NGC 1637
Thousands of glimmering galaxies are bound together by their own gravity, making up a massive cluster formally classified as MACS J1423. The largest bright white oval is a supergiant elliptical galaxy that is the dominant member of this galaxy cluster. The galaxy cluster acts like a lens, magnifying and distorting the light of objects that lie well behind it, an effect known as gravitational lensing that has big research benefits. Astronomers can study lensed galaxies in detail, like the Firefly Sparkle galaxy. This 2023 image is from the James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera). Researchers used Webb to survey the same field the Hubble Space Telescope imaged in 2010. Thanks to its specialisation in high-resolution near-infrared imagery, Webb was able to show researchers many more galaxies in far more detail. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/weic2429a/ Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, C. Willott (NRC-Canada), L. Mowla (Wellesley College), K. Iyer (Columbia), N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb) Music: Stellardrone - Twilight
Pan of galaxy cluster MACS J1423 (NIRCam image)
This video tool features the spiral galaxy NGC 2090, located in the constellation Columba. The first image features the combination of data from Webb’s MIRI and NIRCam instruments shows the galaxy’s two winding spiral arms and the swirling gas and dust of its disc in magnificent and unique detail. The second image shows a new image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, featured this week as part of the ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week Series. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/potm2411b/ Credit: ESA/Webb, ESA/Hubble, NASA & CSA, A. Leroy, D. Thilker, N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb) Music: Stellardrone - The Night Sky in Motion
Transition video: Hubble and Webb's views of NGC 2090
Featured in this NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope Picture of the Month is the spiral galaxy NGC 2090, located in the constellation Columba. This combination of data from Webb’s MIRI and NIRCam instruments shows the galaxy’s two winding spiral arms and the swirling gas and dust of its disc in magnificent and unique detail. This was one of the group of galaxies studied early on by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, observing Cepheid variable stars in it as part of refining the measurement of the Hubble constant. The Cepheid-based measurement from that study in 1998 put NGC 2090 as 37 million light-years away; the newest measurements have NGC 2090 slightly farther away, at 40 million light-years. Hubble is to this day surveying galaxies in visible and ultraviolet light; alongside this Webb image a new Hubble image of NGC 2090 has also been published this week, which you can find here. Before and since that project, NGC 2090 has been well studied as a very prominent nearby example of star formation. It has been described as a flocculent spiral, meaning a spiral galaxy with a patchy, dusty disc and arms that are flaky or not visible at all. Visible-light images show this well, but the near-infrared data from NIRCam used in this image reveal the spiral arms with remarkable clarity. NIRCam also picks up bright light from stars, displayed by the blue colours most visible in the centre. Meanwhile, mid-infrared light emitted mainly by the important carbon-based compounds known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along the many strands of gas and dust is captured by MIRI and shown here in red. These data on NGC 2090 were collected as part of an observing programme (#3707) taking a census of nearby massive, star-forming galaxies much like it. These galaxies are at just the right distance, with the right size and level of activity, that Webb’s instruments can capture a comprehensive picture of the star-forming activity, including the tightly-bound clusters that stars often form in, and the clouds of gas in the galaxy in which stars can be born. The rich collection of detailed images like this one will be of value to astronomers studying this area for years to come. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/potm2411a/ Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, A. Leroy, N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb) Music: Stellardrone - Twilight
Pan Video: NGC 2090
Featured in this new NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope Picture of the Week is the spiral galaxy NGC 2090, located in the constellation Columba. This galaxy is notable as a part of the group of galaxies studied in Hubble’s Extragalactic Distance Scale Key Project, which aimed to determine a new state-of-the-art value for the Hubble constant, one of the then-new telescope’s primary science goals. The contribution of NGC 2090 was in calibrating the Tully-Fisher (TF) distance method, by observing Cepheid variable stars in the galaxy. The Cepheid-based measurement from that study in 1998 put NGC 2090 as 37 million light-years away; the newest measurement from 2020, using the TF method, has NGC 2090 slightly farther away, at 40 million light-years. Before and since that project, NGC 2090 has been well studied as a very prominent nearby example of star formation. It has been described as a flocculent spiral, meaning a spiral galaxy with a patchy, dusty disc and arms that are flaky or not visible at all. This Hubble image shows well why NGC 2090 earned that description, but its spiral arms do appear among the dust as winding lanes of light. NGC 2090 is a galaxy still full of activity, with clusters of star formation at various stages of evolution spread across the disc. Examining star formation and the movement of matter in galaxies was the motivation for these Hubble observations, taken in October of this year. Likewise Hubble’s partner in space astronomy, the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, has also spied on this galaxy to add infrared data to this overall picture of galaxy evolution. More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/potw2448a/ Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, D. Thilker, N. Bartmann (ESA/Hubble) Music: Stellardrone - Ascent
Pan: NGC 2090
The NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope recently imaged the Sombrero galaxy with its MIRI (Mid-InfraRed Instrument), resolving the clumpy nature of the dust along the galaxy’s outer ring. The mid-infrared light highlights the gas and dust that are a feature of the star formation taking place among the Sombrero galaxy’s outer disc. The rings of the Sombrero galaxy produce less than one solar mass of stars per year, in comparison to the Milky Way’s roughly two solar masses a year. It’s not a particular hotbed of star formation. The Sombrero galaxy is around 30 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/weic2427a/ Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb) Music: Noizefield - Expect the Unexpected
Pan video: Sombrero Galaxy
This video features two views of the Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104 (M104). The Sombrero galaxy is around 30 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo. The famous Sombrero Galaxy in mid-infrared light as seen by the James Webb Space Telescope’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) reveals the smooth inner disc of the galaxy. The image as seen by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope in visible light from 2010 shows the large and extended glow of the central bulge of stars. Both the Webb and Hubble images resolve the clumpy nature of the dust that makes up the Sombrero galaxy’s outer ring. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/weic2427c/ Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb) Music: Stellardrone - The Night Sky in Motion
Transition video: Hubble and Webb’s views of the Sombrero Galaxy
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