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Analiza supersymetrii – CERN zawęziło parametry poszukiwań

Zagadnienie supersymetrii w postaci kreskówkowym

Europejska Organizacja Badań Jądrowych (CERN) znacząco zawęziła obszar poszukiwań supersymetrii (SUSY). Teoretyczny model supersymetrii rozszerza Standardowy Model fizyki cząstek, sugerując, że każda fundamentalna cząstka ma cięższego „superpartnera”. SUSY może wyjaśnić nierozwiązane problemy w fizyce, w tym naturę ciemnej materii.

Wyzwanie supersymetrii

Supersymetria od dawna jest pociągającym, ale nieuchwytnym celem w fizyce cząstek. Proponuje ona, że każda znana cząstka ma superpartnera o różnych właściwościach, ale do tej pory nie znaleziono bezpośrednich dowodów na istnienie tych superpartnerów. Szczególnie ważne jest badanie s-kwarku t, hipotetycznego partnera kwarku t, ze względu na jego znaczące implikacje dla fizyki cząstek.

Najnowsze osiągnięcia w CERN

Ostatnio analitycy CERN zastosowali zaawansowaną metodę analizy danych z eksperymentu Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) zebranych w latach 2016-2018. Celem tej analizy było wykrycie sygnałów s-kwarku t poprzez badanie zdarzeń produkcji parowej i ich późniejszych rozpadu na kwarki t oraz lżejsze cząstki.

Innowacyjne techniki

Badania wykorzystały metodę ABCD, podejście probabilistyczne wymagające dwóch nieskorelowanych zestawów danych do rozróżnienia sygnału od szumu tła. Z uwagi na wyzwania związane ze skorelowanymi zmiennymi w danych, zastosowano algorytmy uczenia maszynowego do identyfikacji minimalnie skorelowanych zmiennych, co udoskonaliło metodę ABCD. To znacząco poprawiło dokładność izolowania potencjalnych sygnałów SUSY od procesów tła.

Wyniki i implikacje

Pomimo usprawnień w analizie danych, nie znaleziono znaczących dowodów na istnienie s-kwarku t, co pozwoliło ustalić nowe ograniczenia dotyczące jego masy, która musi przekraczać 700 GeV. Wyniki te będą kierować przyszłymi badaniami, zwłaszcza z danymi z trwającego obecnie Run 3 w LHC, które mają dostarczyć dalszych informacji.

Udoskonalone metody poszukiwań przez CERN stanowią istotny krok w dążeniu do odkrycia supersymetrii. Mimo że bezpośrednie dowody wciąż pozostają nieuchwytne, rozwinięte techniki analityczne będą nieocenione w przyszłych eksperymentach, potencjalnie przybliżając społeczność fizyków do potwierdzenia tego fundamentalnego rozszerzenia Standardowego Modelu.

Bibliografia

  1. CERN. (2024). “Supersymmetry and the CMS Experiment.” Retrieved from CERN.
  2. CMS Collaboration. (2021). “Search for supersymmetry in final states with jets and missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV.” Journal of High Energy Physics.
  3. Ellis, J., & Kane, G. (1984). “Supersymmetry and its implications.” Physics Reports, 117(2), 75-263.
  4. Weinberg, S. (2000). “The Quantum Theory of Fields.” Cambridge University Press.

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Wideo tygodnia z teleskopu Hubble
This video tool features the spiral galaxy NGC 2090, located in the constellation Columba. The first image features the combination of data from Webb’s MIRI and NIRCam instruments shows the galaxy’s two winding spiral arms and the swirling gas and dust of its disc in magnificent and unique detail. The second image shows a new image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, featured this week as part of the ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week Series. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/potm2411b/ Credit: ESA/Webb, ESA/Hubble, NASA & CSA, A. Leroy, D. Thilker, N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb) Music: Stellardrone - The Night Sky in Motion
Transition video: Hubble and Webb's views of NGC 2090
Featured in this NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope Picture of the Month is the spiral galaxy NGC 2090, located in the constellation Columba. This combination of data from Webb’s MIRI and NIRCam instruments shows the galaxy’s two winding spiral arms and the swirling gas and dust of its disc in magnificent and unique detail. This was one of the group of galaxies studied early on by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, observing Cepheid variable stars in it as part of refining the measurement of the Hubble constant. The Cepheid-based measurement from that study in 1998 put NGC 2090 as 37 million light-years away; the newest measurements have NGC 2090 slightly farther away, at 40 million light-years. Hubble is to this day surveying galaxies in visible and ultraviolet light; alongside this Webb image a new Hubble image of NGC 2090 has also been published this week, which you can find here. Before and since that project, NGC 2090 has been well studied as a very prominent nearby example of star formation. It has been described as a flocculent spiral, meaning a spiral galaxy with a patchy, dusty disc and arms that are flaky or not visible at all. Visible-light images show this well, but the near-infrared data from NIRCam used in this image reveal the spiral arms with remarkable clarity. NIRCam also picks up bright light from stars, displayed by the blue colours most visible in the centre. Meanwhile, mid-infrared light emitted mainly by the important carbon-based compounds known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along the many strands of gas and dust is captured by MIRI and shown here in red. These data on NGC 2090 were collected as part of an observing programme (#3707) taking a census of nearby massive, star-forming galaxies much like it. These galaxies are at just the right distance, with the right size and level of activity, that Webb’s instruments can capture a comprehensive picture of the star-forming activity, including the tightly-bound clusters that stars often form in, and the clouds of gas in the galaxy in which stars can be born. The rich collection of detailed images like this one will be of value to astronomers studying this area for years to come. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/potm2411a/ Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, A. Leroy, N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb) Music: Stellardrone - Twilight
Pan Video: NGC 2090
Featured in this new NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope Picture of the Week is the spiral galaxy NGC 2090, located in the constellation Columba. This galaxy is notable as a part of the group of galaxies studied in Hubble’s Extragalactic Distance Scale Key Project, which aimed to determine a new state-of-the-art value for the Hubble constant, one of the then-new telescope’s primary science goals. The contribution of NGC 2090 was in calibrating the Tully-Fisher (TF) distance method, by observing Cepheid variable stars in the galaxy. The Cepheid-based measurement from that study in 1998 put NGC 2090 as 37 million light-years away; the newest measurement from 2020, using the TF method, has NGC 2090 slightly farther away, at 40 million light-years. Before and since that project, NGC 2090 has been well studied as a very prominent nearby example of star formation. It has been described as a flocculent spiral, meaning a spiral galaxy with a patchy, dusty disc and arms that are flaky or not visible at all. This Hubble image shows well why NGC 2090 earned that description, but its spiral arms do appear among the dust as winding lanes of light. NGC 2090 is a galaxy still full of activity, with clusters of star formation at various stages of evolution spread across the disc. Examining star formation and the movement of matter in galaxies was the motivation for these Hubble observations, taken in October of this year. Likewise Hubble’s partner in space astronomy, the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, has also spied on this galaxy to add infrared data to this overall picture of galaxy evolution. More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/potw2448a/ Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, D. Thilker, N. Bartmann (ESA/Hubble) Music: Stellardrone - Ascent
Pan: NGC 2090
The NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope recently imaged the Sombrero galaxy with its MIRI (Mid-InfraRed Instrument), resolving the clumpy nature of the dust along the galaxy’s outer ring. The mid-infrared light highlights the gas and dust that are a feature of the star formation taking place among the Sombrero galaxy’s outer disc. The rings of the Sombrero galaxy produce less than one solar mass of stars per year, in comparison to the Milky Way’s roughly two solar masses a year. It’s not a particular hotbed of star formation. The Sombrero galaxy is around 30 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/weic2427a/ Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb) Music: Noizefield - Expect the Unexpected
Pan video: Sombrero Galaxy
This video features two views of the Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104 (M104). The Sombrero galaxy is around 30 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo. The famous Sombrero Galaxy in mid-infrared light as seen by the James Webb Space Telescope’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) reveals the smooth inner disc of the galaxy. The image as seen by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope in visible light from 2010 shows the large and extended glow of the central bulge of stars. Both the Webb and Hubble images resolve the clumpy nature of the dust that makes up the Sombrero galaxy’s outer ring. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/weic2427c/ Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb) Music: Stellardrone - The Night Sky in Motion
Transition video: Hubble and Webb’s views of the Sombrero Galaxy
This video takes the viewer on a journey through space to the Sombrero Galaxy, also known as Messier 104 (M104). The NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope recently imaged the Sombrero galaxy with its MIRI (Mid-InfraRed Instrument), resolving the clumpy nature of the dust along the galaxy’s outer ring. The mid-infrared light highlights the gas and dust that are a feature of the star formation taking place among the Sombrero galaxy’s outer disc. The rings of the Sombrero galaxy produce less than one solar mass of stars per year, in comparison to the Milky Way’s roughly two solar masses a year. It’s not a particular hotbed of star formation. The Sombrero galaxy is around 30 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Virgo. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/weic2427b/ Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, ESO/IDA/Danish 1.5 m, DSS 2, The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb), R. Gendler and J.-E. Ovaldsen, E. Slawik, N. Risinger & M. Zamani (ESA/Webb) Music: Tonelabs – The Red North (www.tonelabs.com)
Zoom video: Sombrero Galaxy
This composite image of Arp 107, created with data from the James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near-InfraRed Camera) and MIRI (Mid-InfraRed Instrument), reveals a wealth of information about the star formation taking place in these two galaxies and how they collided hundreds of million years ago. The near-infrared data, shown in white, show older stars, which shine brightly in both galaxies, as well as the tenuous gas bridge that runs between them. The vibrant background galaxies are also brightly illuminated at these wavelengths. On the other hand, MIRI data show the young stars and star-forming regions in vibrant orange and red. Our view in the mid-infrared provides the best view of the collision point, given the noticeable gap at the top of the spiral galaxy. This collision not only began a new bout of star formation in the region, but also produced an endearing smile. More information and download options: http://esawebb.org/videos/weic2423a/ Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, N. Bartmann (ESA/Webb) Music: Noizefield - Expect the Unexpected
Pan video: Arp 107
The magnificent galaxy featured in this Hubble Picture of the Week is NGC 1559. It is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Reticulum near the Large Magellanic Cloud, but much more distant at approximately 35 million light-years from Earth. Hubble last visited this object in 2018. The brilliant light captured in this image offers a wealth of information, which thanks to Hubble can be put to use by both scientists and the public. This picture is composed of a whopping ten different images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope, each filtered to collect light from a specific wavelength or range of wavelengths. It spans Hubble’s sensitivity to light, from ultraviolet around 275 nanometres through blue, green and red to near-infrared at 1600 nanometres. This allows information about many different astrophysical processes in the galaxy to be recorded: a notable example is the red 656-nanometre filter used here. Hydrogen atoms which get ionised can emit light at this particular wavelength, called H-alpha emission. New stars forming in a molecular cloud, made mostly of hydrogen gas, emit copious amounts of ultraviolet light which is absorbed by the cloud, but which ionises it and causes it to glow with this H-alpha light. Therefore, filtering to detect only this light provides a reliable means to detect areas of star formation (called H II regions), shown in this image by the bright red and pink colours of the blossoming patches filling NGC 1559’s spiral arms. These ten images come from six different observing programmes with Hubble, running from 2009 all the way up to the present year. These programmes were led by teams of astronomers from around the world with a variety of scientific goals, ranging from studying ionised gas and star formation, to following up on a supernova, to tracking variable stars as a contribution to calculating the Hubble constant. The data from all of these observations live on in the Hubble archive, available for anyone to use — not only for new science, but also to create spectacular images like this one! This image of NGC 1559, then, is a reminder of the incredible opportunities that the Hubble Space Telescope has provided and continues to provide. Besides Hubble’s observations, astronomers are using the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope to research this galaxy in even greater depth. This Webb image from February showcases the galaxy in near- and mid-infrared light. More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/potw2438a/ Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, F. Belfiore, W. Yuan, J. Lee and the PHANGS-HST Team, A. Riess, K. Takáts, D. de Martin & M. Zamani (ESA/Hubble), N. Bartmann (ESA/Hubble) Music: Stellardrone - Billions and Billions
Pan: NGC 1559
The spiral galaxy IC 1954, located 45 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Horologium, is the star of this Picture of the Week from the Hubble Space Telescope. It sports a glowing bar in its core, two main majestically winding spiral arms and clouds of dark dust across it. An image of this galaxy was previously released in 2021; this week’s image is entirely new and now includes H-alpha data. The improved coverage of star-forming nebulae, which are prominent emitters of the red H-alpha light, can be seen in the numerous glowing, pink spots across the disc of the galaxy. Interestingly, some astronomers posit that the galaxy’s ‘bar’ is actually an energetic star-forming region that just happens to lie over the galactic centre. The new data featured in this image come from a programme to extend the cooperation between multiple observatories: Hubble, the infrared James Webb Space Telescope, and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, a ground-based radio telescope. By surveying IC 1954 and over fifty other nearby galaxies in radio, infrared, optical, and ultraviolet light, astronomers aim to fully trace and reconstruct the path matter takes through stars and the interstellar gas and dust in each galaxy. Hubble’s observing capabilities form an important part of this survey: it can capture younger stars and star clusters when they are brightest at ultraviolet and optical wavelengths, and its H-alpha filter effectively tracks emission from nebulae. The resulting dataset will form a treasure trove of research on the evolution of stars in galaxies, which Webb will build upon as it continues its science operations into the future. More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/potw2439a/ Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, D. Thilker, J. Lee and the PHANGS-HST Team, N. Bartmann (ESA/Hubble) Music: Stellardrone - Ascent
Pan: IC 1954
Most galaxies we are familiar with fall into one of two easily-identified types. Spiral galaxies are young and energetic, filled with the gas needed to form new stars and sporting spiral arms hosting hot, bright stars. Elliptical galaxies have a much more pedestrian look, their light coming from a uniform population of older and redder stars. But other galaxies require in-depth study to understand: such is the case with NGC 4694, a galaxy located 54 million light-years from Earth in the Virgo galaxy cluster, and the subject of this Hubble Picture of the Week. NGC 4694 has a smooth-looking, armless disc which — like an elliptical galaxy — is nearly devoid of star formation. However its stellar population is still relatively young and new stars are still actively forming in its core, powering the brightness we can see in this image and giving it a markedly different stellar profile from that of a classic elliptical galaxy. The galaxy is also suffused by the kinds of gas and dust normally seen in a young and sprightly spiral; elliptical galaxies often do host significant quantities of dust, but not the gas needed to form new stars. NGC 4694 is surrounded by a huge cloud of invisible hydrogen gas, fuel for star formation. This stellar activity is the reason for Hubble’s observations here. As this Hubble image shows, the dust in this galaxy forms chaotic structures that indicate some kind of disturbance. It turns out that the cloud of hydrogen gas around NGC 4694 forms a long bridge to a nearby, faint dwarf galaxy named VCC 2062. The two galaxies have undergone a violent collision, and the larger NGC 4694 is accreting gas from the smaller galaxy. Based on its peculiar shape and its star-forming activity, NGC 4694 has been classified as a lenticular galaxy: lacking the unmistakable arms of a spiral, but not so bereft of gas as an elliptical galaxy, and still with a galactic bulge and disc. Some galaxies just aren’t so easy to classify as one type or the other! More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/potw2440a/ Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, D. Thilker, N. Bartmann (ESA/Hubble) Music: Stellardrone - Endeavour
Pan: NGC 4694
This time-lapse movie is assembled from Hubble Space Telescope observations spanning approximately 90 days (between December 2023 and March 2024) when the giant planet Jupiter was approximately 630 million to 820 million kilometres from the Sun. Astronomers measured the Great Red Spot’s size, shape, brightness, colour, and vorticity over a full oscillation cycle. The data reveal that the Great Red Spot is not as stable as it might look. It was observed going through an oscillation in its elliptical shape, jiggling like a bowl of gelatin. The cause of the 90-day oscillation is unknown. More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/heic2412a/ Credit: NASA, ESA, A. Simon (GSFC)
Time-lapse of Jupiter (December 2023 to March 2024)
This animated diagram shows the position of Earth relative to Jupiter during a period spanning approximately 90 days (between December 2023 and March 2024) when the giant planet Jupiter was approximately 630 million to 820 million kilometres from the Sun. During this period the Hubble Space telescope monitored changes in Jupiter’s atmosphere as part of the Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy program (OPAL). Jupiter’s orbital period is approximately 12 years. The angular size of the planet shrinks in Hubble’s view, as faster-moving Earth pulls ahead of the giant planet. More information and download options: http://esahubble.org/videos/heic2412b/ Credit: NASA, ESA, J. DePasquale (STScI)
Jupiter over time (December 2023 to March 2024)
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